89 A formal ethical process did not exist in Indonesia when the study was conducted. Therefore, a local University authorized the study and ethical processes were followed as approved by a university in the United Kingdom where author and co-authors were affiliated. Permission was also gained from the Indonesian local authorities. In Indonesia, it was a normal practice for an approved researcher to access patients medical and maternity records. Adolescent fathers were recruited from their partners antenatal and postnatal records. Participants provided informed consent for each separate interview and could withdraw at any time without detriment. Data collection The first author (AWA) collected and analysed the data. Overall, 16 interviews were generated. Twelve during the pregnancy (that is, shortly after recruitment, mid-point between the first interview and excepted date of the birth, and towards the end of pregnancy) and four fathers from the postnatal period (2–7 months) who were interviewed once. The one-to-one, in-person, interviews were conducted using a topic guideline. During the pregnancy, the interviews explored the following broad topics: what was it like having a pregnant girlfriend, how did they feel towards the pregnancy and the changes they had made in their life, an exploration of their plans after the birth and
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