50 b. Introduction The latest UNICEF & WHO (2015) report on sanitation and drinking water worldwide indicates that over 663 million individuals still lack access to safe drinking water and 159 million persons rely on surface water for their water consumption. Within countries, the regional disparity in water access is substantial. About 79% of people depending on unimproved drinking water and 93% depending on surface water live in rural areas (UNICEF & WHO, 2015). In addition, 2.4 billion people (32%) worldwide lack access to improved sanitation facilities. In these situations, with poor water quality and high contamination risk, diseases such as diarrhoea become a major concern. Diarrhoea is still one of the most important killers of children under five (WHO & UNICEF, 2013a). Indonesia closely reflects this global pattern. A considerable proportion (18%) of Indonesian households rely for their drinking water on surface water sources, such as springs, rivers, ponds and lakes, which are prone to contamination problems (Statistics Indonesia, 2014). Only 11% of Indonesian households have access to piped water inside their dwelling (Statistics Indonesia, 2014), and even then the quality is often below the minimum requirement for drinking water, with fluctuating debit and frequent interruptions (Surjadi, 2003). Sometimes the piped water is contaminated with faecal coliform and unsafe to be consumed without processing steps (Bakker,
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