67 Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that …. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with …. There have been a number of longitudinal studies involving X that have reported …. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith and Patel, 1977). What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with …. Highlighting inadequacies of previous studies Researchers have not treated X in much detail. Previous studies of X have not dealt with …. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether …. Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about …. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they ….
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