51 2007). Almost all households boil their drinking water (Prihartono et al., 1994), but this is not always done effectively, as 55% of drinking water samples were found to be contaminated with faecal coliform (Vollaard et al., 2004). In addition, Indonesia has the second highest number of people (54 million) in the world that practice open defaecation (UNICEF & WHO, 2015). This increases the risk of environmental pollution and water contamination even more. Given the poor quality of water and sanitation, it comes as no surprise that diarrhoea is still a major health concern in Indonesia, responsible for 31% of post-neonatal mortality and 25% of child mortality (UNICEF, 2012). Whether a child suffers from diarrhoea is influenced by many factors, at the level of the household as well as at the level of the community in which the household is living. Ideally, an analysis of the determinants of diarrhoea should take all relevant factors at both levels into account (Corsi et al., 2011; Fewtrell et al., 2005). Children from a household with good quality water and sanitation are still at risk for diarrhoea if they live in a community with open defaecation, due to the contamination of soil and water sources (Andres, Briceño, Chase, & Echenique, 2014; Corsi et al., 2011). By focusing the analysis only on factors at the household level, an incomplete picture is obtained
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